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The Latvian National Awakening ((ラトビア語:latviešu (latvju ) tautas atmoda)) refers to three distinct but ideologically related National revival movements:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The History of the Baltic States )〕 * the ''First Awakening'' refers to the national revival led by the Young Latvians from the 1850s to the 1880s, * the ''Second Awakening'' to the movement that led to the proclamation of Latvian independence in 1918,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Valoda )〕 and * the ''Third Awakening'' to the movement that led to the restoration of Latvia's independence in the "Singing Revolution" of 1987–1991.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Latvija20gadsimts.lv / Apkopojums / Notikumu hronoloģija / 1988 -1991.gads. Trešā Atmoda )〕 ==Application of the term== Though the term "Awakening" was introduced by the Young Latvians themselves, its application was influenced by the nationalist ideologue Ernests Blanks and later by the academician Jānis Stradiņš.〔(Hundred Great Latvians )〕 Stradiņš was the first person to use the term "Third Awakening" (at the expanded plenum of the Writers' Union of the Latvian SSR in June 1988), opposing those who had begun to call the national revival in the period of glasnost the ''Second'' Awakening (the first being that of the Young Latvians). Blanks sought to distinguish between the New Current (in Latvian: ''Jaunā strāva'') — a broad and radical socio-economic, political, and cultural movement that lasted from the late 1880s until the 1905 Revolution, led by Rainis and influenced by Marxism — from the more nationalistic direction taken in 1903 by Ernests Rolavs and Miķelis Valters; to Blanks, the 1890s "could be stricken completely from the history of national thought." He saw Rolavs' and Valters' nationalist Latvian Social Democratic Union (in Latvian: ''Sociāldemokratu savienība''; sometimes abbreviated SDS) — a radical socialist group critical of the cosmopolitanism of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party (''Latvijas sociāldemokrātiskā strādnieku partija''; LSDSP) — as the direct ideological descendants of the Young Latvians. It was the SDS (and especially Valters) that first began to formulate demands for Latvia's political autonomy〔Ernests Blanks. Latvju tautas ceļš uz neatkarīgu valsti. Västerås: Ziemeļblāzma, 1970.〕 Stradiņš based his view of the national revival in the 1980s on Blanks, considering the Second Awakening similarly: he viewed the organization of the Latvian riflemen, the activities of the Latvian émigrés in Switzerland, the Latvian refugees' relief committee in Russia, the proclamation of independence and the battles for independence as coming under the heading of the Second Awakening. Less frequently, some have seen the New Current and the 1905 Revolution — and sometimes even the Khrushchev Thaw — as National Awakenings.〔Jānis Stradiņš: Trešā atmoda. Rīga: Zinātne, 1992.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Latvian National Awakening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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